How do fiber optic cables transmit data?

Fiber optic cables transmit data through the use of light pulses. This technology harnesses the phenomenon of total internal reflection, which occurs when light travels through a medium, such as glass or plastic fibers, at a specific angle. The core of a fiber optic cable is made of a material with a higher refractive index compared to the cladding surrounding it. As light pulses enter the cable, they bounce off the cladding and remain contained within the core, allowing the signal to travel long distances with minimal loss of strength and minimal interference.

The use of light pulses for data transmission gives fiber optic cables significant advantages, including higher bandwidth capabilities and faster transmission speeds compared to traditional electrical cables. Furthermore, fiber optics are immune to electromagnetic interference, providing a more reliable means of communication especially in environments with high levels of electrical noise.

Other methods of data transmission, such as electrical impulses or sound waves, do not leverage the benefits of light and fiber’s unique properties. Consequently, fiber optics remain a preferred choice for high-speed data communications, especially in telecommunications and broadband networks.